Erich von Manstein (November 24, 1887 – June 11, 1973) was a general, and later a Field Marshal, in the German Army during World War II. He was famous for repeatedly standing up to Hitler on various issues. Although this would normally lead to swift removal, Manstein had repeatedly proved himself in Hitler's eyes. Eventually even Hitler had enough, and he was dismissed in 1944.
Early Life and Career
Born Erich von Lewinski in Berlin, he was adopted by his uncle, General Georg von Manstein. He joined the 3rd Footguards in 1906, entered the War Academy in 1913, and served on both the Western and Eastern Fronts in World War I, where he was wounded in 1914.
The Manstein Plan
In 1940, Manstein worked with Blumentritt and von Tresckow to develop the plan to invade France through the Ardennes, where no one would expect it. Though initially rejected by Hitler, a modified version (Fall Gelb) was approved and became the famous Manstein Plan.
Eastern Front
In Operation Barbarossa, Manstein advanced over 100 miles in two days. As commander of 11th Army, he conquered the Crimea and took Sevastopol in July 1942, earning promotion to Field Marshal. In November 1942, Hitler ordered Manstein to rescue Paulus's 6th Army at Stalingrad. His three panzer divisions got within 35 miles of the city before being forced to retreat.
Kharkov Counteroffensive
In February 1943, Manstein launched a counteroffensive that inflicted a heavy defeat on the Soviets at Krasnograd (23,000 killed, 9,000 captured) and recaptured Kharkov and Belgorod. He received the Oak Leaves for his Knight's Cross.
Operation Citadel and After
During Operation Citadel at Kursk, Manstein led the southern pincer with some success, but the operation was called off. He continued to argue with Hitler about strategy, advocating elastic, mobile defense rather than static warfare. On March 31, 1944, Hitler relieved him of command, though he received the Swords for his Knight's Cross the same day.
War Crimes Trial
After the war, Manstein was tried for war crimes by a British Military Tribunal. He was found guilty and sentenced to 18 years but was freed in 1953 for medical reasons. He became an advisor to the Bundeswehr. His memoirs, Verlorene Siege (Lost Victories), were published in 1955.